购买

Brand

群晖 Synology Disk Station NAS

4-bay + more hard drives 优势是以后可扩展，但是好贵啊

2-bay + large drives:

购买选择

DS223J (2621 kr) + 6T x 2 (1900 kr x2) = 6421 kr

Check documents and specifications: https://www.synology.com/en-eu/support/download

DSM: https://www.synology.com/en-us/dsm/7.1/software_spec

DS423 (5348 kr) + 6T x 2 (1900 kr x2) = 9148 kr

Life expectancy of Synology NAS

iCloud + pricing

Storage Price (per mon) Price (per yr)
50 GB 12 kr 144 kr
200 GB 39 kr 468 kr
2 TB 129 kr 1548 kr
6 TB 399 kr 4788 kr

绿联

DXP4800 挪威价格翻一倍

  • 标准版 2200 CNY (3100 kr)

  • Plus 版本 3000 CNY (4300 kr)

RAM

  • 1 GB is too slow
  • 2-4 GB is good
  • upgradable

Virtual Machine

Docker container

Plex media server

Synology model comparison

主要看硬件规格

软件规格都是一样的，取决于装的 DSM 系统版本

Download Center > Choose NAS and your product model > Check DataSheet (产品介绍)，product specifications (产品规格)，product manual (产品使用手册) … 点 Download 然后选择语言，有简体中文和英文可供选择。

  DS223J D223 DS218
硬件规格      
CPU 处理器 Realtek RTD1619B Realtek RTD1619B Realtek RTD1296 四核 1.4GHz
内存 1 GB DDR4 2 GB DDR4 2 GB DDR4
硬盘类型 2 x 3.5”/2.5“ SATA HDD    
热插拔硬盘
(Hot Swap)		 否 是 是
单个硬盘的最大容量 16 TB 16 TB 16 TB
外接端口 2 x USB 3.2 Gen 1 端口 3 x USB 3.2 第 1 代端口 1 x USB 2.0
2 x USB 3.2
网络 LAN 端口 1 x 1GbE RJ-45 1 x 1GbE RJ-45 1 x 1GbE RJ-45
软件 DSM 产品规格      
存储空间管理 单个存储空间大小上限：108 TB
系统快照数量上限： 4,0964
内部存储空间数量上限：64		 单个存储空间大小上限：108 TB
系统快照数量上限： 4,096
内部存储空间数量上限：64		  
文件共享功能 本地用户帐户数量上限：1,024
本地群组数量上限：256
共享文件夹数量上限：256
SMB/NFS/AFP/FTP 并发连接数量上限：100		 本地用户帐户数量上限：1,024
本地群组数量上限：256
共享文件夹数量上限：256
SMB/NFS/AFP/FTP 并发连接数量上限：200		  

接口选择

M2 Drive Slots NVMe

前面板散热好

Western Digital QNAP 威联通

绿联 (UGREEN)：优势是电影电视剧管理

极空间 历史版本不好查找

绿联,极空间,群晖,威联通2025年NAS横向对比测评

配件

Compatibility list: https://www.synology.com/zh-hk/compatibility

RAID Calculator: https://www.synology.com/en-af/support/RAID_calculator

  • Harddisk Drive HDD 硬盘要单独购买，不在 NAS 自带范围。

    机械硬盘 spinning hard disk, HDD 常简称为硬盘

    固态硬盘 Solid state disk, SSD 常简称为固态盘

  • 5400 RPM 省电静音

  • Drive type

    • SATA

  • 网线 Ethernet

Bandwidth 20 Gigabit = 2000 MB per second

Seagate IronWolf Pro, 16 TB, Enterprise NAS Internal HDD –CMR 3.5 Inch, SATA 6 Gb/s, 7,200 RPM, 256 MB Cache for RAID Network Attached Storage (ST16000NT001)

Visit the Seagate Store

Amazon link

What hard drives should you buy?

Size Seagate IronWolf
8 TB Proshop 2675 kr;
12 TB Proshop 3500 kr; Dustin Home 3500 kr;
16 TB Proshop 4600 kr;

Seagate 产品线

  • Exos性价比最高

Toshiba 东芝

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)

https://kb.synology.com/en-af/DSM/tutorial/How_to_Choose_UPS

UPS is a backup power source that helps prevent disruptions to the continuous operation and service of data systems in the event of a power outage.

配置

  • Set up two accounts for yourself:
    • one admin: to manage NAS
    • one user: to access to files and data

Install DSM (Disk Station Manager) Operating System

Once you plugged in your NAS, go to finds.synology.com, it will search Synology devices on your local network.

A warming window show that you will Delete Data. Confirm to proceed.

Then the installation starts. Wait for 10 mins until it finishes. The following window pops up, asks you to create a Device name. The name will show on your network.

  • Administrator account: type your name, e.g., Menghan_Admin. This is the administrator account.

    You can set up a user account for yourself later.

  • Password

    Set to a complex one, not easily gussable.

  • Check the box Web Assistant. You can find your NAS more easily later on.

    Allow this Synology NAS to be displayed in Web Assistant. Synology will collect the IP address and port information, which will only be used for providing Web Assistant service. Refer to the Services Data Collection Disclosure and Privacy Statement for details.

Set up an update option

  • Choose Automatically install important DSM and package updates only (Recommended)

Set up a Synology Account

Set up a QuickConnect

  • This lets you access your NAS remotely on the Internet.
  • Refer to Complete Remote Access Guide.

Set up NAS Overview

Creates pool and volume → Choose RAID type → Agree to do Drive Check → Schedule tests → Create Shared Folder → Set up Snapshots → Secutity Settings → Task Secheduler to set up a sehedule for emptying your recycle bin.

Q: What is Drive ChecK?
A: Initial hard drive check to make sure your hard drive works OK. Hard drives either fail at the first two weeks or keep working for years. Problems show up at the early stage. Drive Check might take 2 days and the task will affect your NAS speed.

  • RAID type, choose either

    • SHR1
    • RAID5

    RAID gives you ability to keep all your data contact even when one drive fails. It comes at the cost of redundancy though.

  • Schedule data scrubbing

    Performing data scrubbing periodically ensures data consistency and lowers the risk of data loss in the event of a drive failure.

    • Every three months

    • Only run during the night

      Data scrubbing may affect system performance. You can set a specific time for performing data scrubbing, thereby preventing it from affecting system performance.

  • Set up SMART tests

    Check whether the disks are going to fail soon.

    SMART test → Set to once a month.

    Extended SMART test → Set to once every six months.

  • Use BTRFS format

  • task schedule

    • recycle bin
    • health check

  • Install BTRFS snapshots

    Everytime you add a shared folder, set up a BTRFS snapshot.

    Set Frequency to every 2 hours.

    Set Retention Rules. Keep all snapshots for 5 days. Keep the latest snapshots of the day for 30 days.

  • Security Settings

    • Enable auto block

    • Do not open up ports SMB, 22.

  • Hardware & Power

    • Power Recovery, check Restart automatically when power supply issue is fixed.

    • Beep Control

      Find out why your NAS is beeping

    • HDD Hibernation

      • The internal drives and the external SATA drives will hibernate after being inactive for the configured time period.

        Change from 20 min to >=3 hours. It prevents NAS from starting and shutting down frequently, which is bad for the health of your NAS.

      • Uncheck Enable advanced HDD hibernation to minimize power consumption for DS923+

        Keep it running and don’t go to hibernation.

  • Emptying your recycle bin

    Task Scheduler → Create task → Schedule to run daily → Task Settings, Retention Policy, set Number of days to retain deleted files to 3 days.

  • Set up permissions

    Deactivate the system default admin account because people can guess it, it is always admin. If you need your own administrator account, create your own one as follows, check the administrator box.

    Everyone has their own user account.

    Go to User & Group → Create a user or group.

    People in the same group share the same permissions. Just a quicker way to set up permissions.

Q: How can I find NAS on my MAC?
A: Go to Network and find your NAS name there. Double click it. A dialog window pops up. Enter your NAS account credentials there.

FAQ

Q: Why should I have a NAS?
A: Refer to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfN36_Wip00. Here is a summary:

  1. You can access your file from any computer and anywhere.
  2. Protect your files. Snapshot.
  3. Reduce duplicates. Don’t need to save copies and merge together. You work on the same repository and always get the latest version.
  4. Multiple people can access.

Q: What is the maximum storage capacity of a single drive supported by my Synology device?
A: Synology产品兼容性列表可让您立即找到Synology设备支持的单个硬盘容量和总容量上限。如果 DS220+即 2 槽式型号的单个硬盘容量上限为 16 TB则其硬盘总容量上限为 32 TB即 16 TB x 2。

Q: Speed limiting factor when using wifi to transfer data?

Q: Can I change router to just anyone?

Q: 交换机是什么？

Q: How to access NAS out of my home?

Q: How do I back up data on my computer?
A: Synology Drive Client allows you to create scheduled backup tasks to back up files on your computer to a Synology Drive server, as well as create versions of these files that can be restored or downloaded when needed.

https://kb.synology.com/en-au/DSM/tutorial/How_to_back_up_data_on_my_computer_using_Drive

Q:

https://www.reddit.com/r/synology/comments/ra16wu/can_i_work_on_a_file_on_my_nas_as_if_it_is_local/?rdt=57096

NAS lets multiple computers access the data simultaneously.

https://www.reddit.com/r/DataHoarder/comments/1b0sg91/can_anyone_explain_to_me_how_a_nas_works_like_you/

Q: What does “v” mean in documents?
A: Some companies use “✓” (checkmark), some use “v”, or “Yes” in their spec tables to show a feature exists. “–” (dash) is used to mean the feature does not exist.

Boost data transfer rate btw your client PC and NAS

Use a wired network, i.e., use an Ethernet cable to connect your client PC and NAS directly.

双网络接口

桥接模式就是将NAS两个网口，一个用作输入(输入端连路由器)，一个用作输出 (输出端连电脑)，同时保证输出端的网络能够正常访问，可以解决路由器只有一个2.5G口时的尴尬。NAS设备此时充当交换机角色，让电脑也能接入2.5G 内网。同时电脑通过路由器访问公网。

当然，如果电脑是千兆网口，使用桥接模式时依旧会跑不满2.5G的速度。

通常我们使用的路由器只有一个2.5G网口，这个2.5G一旦连接了电脑，NAS只能使用剩下的千兆网口，这对于拥有双2.5G网口的NAS设备来说非常吃亏，毕竟一个2.5G网口无法发挥高达280MB/s的内网传输。

核心原因是PC端为千兆网卡，所以即便PC端已经接到2.5G的设备下，依旧会因为PC端的千兆网卡将速度限制在115M+/s左右。

而要突破千兆的传输速度就必须保证两个网口都是2.5G网口。

NAS 双网络接口
链接方式示意

https://www.sohu.com/a/740622915_129484#google_vignette

1GbE (Gigabit Ethernet)， 2.5GbE

链路聚合

理论带宽可达 5 Gbps (5 Gb, Gigabits) ≈ 500 MB/s

1 MB (megabyte) = 8 Mb (magabit)

1 Gbps = 125 MB/s

Usually Internet connection speeds are measured by Mbps -> Megabits per Second.

That means if you have 1 Mbps connection then you will need 8 seconds to download a 1 MB file. Llikewise if you have 8 Mbps connection , 1 MB file will be downloaded in one second.

RAID

https://www.kancloud.cn/cheng529/nasbase1/235435

RAID: there is some form of redundancy (i.e. data is copied to other drives)

JBOD: Just a Bunch Of Disks. 把一颗以上的硬盘空间合拼成一个储存空间，所 以，储存空间的大小就是所有硬盘空间的总和。没有任何冗余 redundancy.

SHR: Synology Hybrid RAID, default RAID type.

RAID 类型是可以迁移的。E.g., from Basic to RAID 1.

Hot-swappable

  • 使用者可以在不关闭NAS电源，并持续提供网络存取资料服务的情形下，拔下故障的硬盘、再插入新硬盘后，NAS可以立刻辨识、启用新硬盘来进行资料复原的功能。

    注意：使用者需要以手动方式「安全的移除硬件并退出媒体」，来停止、中断系统平台对该硬盘的存取服务后，才能拔除该硬盘。

  • Convenient when you want to change your hard disk.

    While your DiskStation is switched ON you would just start by removing one drive and replacing it by the new one.

    The system would indicate the Storage Pool is “degraded” but, again from Storage Manager, you could just choose “Repair pool” from the dropdown menu and the disk would be filled with the data from the other drive. Once that process has completed, you could replace the other hard drive in the same manner.

Reminder: you should always create a backup before you hot swap a drive, even if you use the RAID setups (which are designed to leave your data intact in principle). It provides extra layer of safety protection.

Caveat: if you hot-swap drives, the Synology will beep quite annoyingly. You can turn off the beeping if you go into Control Panel > Hardware & Power, tabpage Beep Control. The repair of the array - if you choose that option - will probably take a few hours in which you can use your Synology, but you may encounter performance problems.

Replace a Drive: https://kb.synology.com/en-global/DSM/help/DSM/StorageManager/storage_pool_expand_replace_disk?version=7

有空余硬盘时

① 首先，将新硬盘直接插入空余盘位中

② 前往 DSM 中的存储管理器页面，单击要扩充的存储池右上角的三点图标，选择更换硬盘。

③选择 RAID 中容量最小的硬盘，然后将其从存储池中移除。

④选择要添加到存储池的新硬盘，勾选扩充存储空间容量。（这一步会将新硬盘中的所有数据擦除，请在知晓后单击确定。）

没有空余硬盘时

① 在 DSM 中前往存储管理器页面，点击 HDD，选择 RAID 中容量最小的硬盘，单击动作 > 停用硬盘。

②将 NAS 关机，移除第一步中停用的硬盘，然后安装一个容量相同或更大的新硬盘。

③重启 NAS后，再次前往存储管理器 >HDD，确认系统能够识别新硬盘。

④该存储池现在应处于已降级状态，单击存储池右上角的更多，然后选择修复。

⑤选择上一步中安装的新硬盘，将其添加到存储池中。这一步修复阵列所需要较长，请耐心等待。（请注意硬盘中的所有数据都会被擦除。）

⑥重复上述过程直至所有需要的硬盘均更换为更大容量的硬盘即可。

单盘位机型

①准备一块容量不小于需要转移数据总量的移动硬盘，并连接到 NAS。

②安装并打开 Hyper Backup，选择备份目标本地文件夹和 USB，创建备份目的地为移动硬盘，选择需要转移的共享文件夹与应用程序，其他设置保持默认即可。耐心等待程序备份完成。

③将 NAS 关机后，拔出旧硬盘并插入容量更大的新硬盘。

④启动 NAS 并安装 DSM 操作系统，进入系统后安装并打开 Hyper Backup。

⑤单击还原图标 ，选择数据，选择从已有存储库还原，还原来源选择本地文件夹和 USB。

⑥继续按照配置向导选择想要还原的系统配置、文件夹和应用程序。然后耐心等待还原完成即可。

QuickConnect

启用 QuickConnect，可安全地从任何位置访问 NAS，而无需配置复杂的端口转发规则。

文件系统

Btrfs 文件系统可执行文件自我修复，自动检测静默数据损坏并恢复损坏的数据

Maximum Internal Volume Number 最大存储空间数

This is the maximum number of separate volumes (logical storage groups) that you can create on the NAS.

Volume = A storage pool/partition where data like files, apps, and backups are stored. Think of it like creating multiple “virtual hard drives” inside the NAS.

Maximum Single Volumne Size 最大单一存储空间容量

This is the largest size that one volume can be.

If a NAS says Max Single Volume Size = 108TB, even if you put 200TB of drives into it, one single volume cannot be bigger than 108TB. You would have to create two or more volumes to use all the space.

Reference

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1xW97eyXB8&list=WL&index=1

Next Videos to Watch for Beginners: (in order mentioned at end of video)

  1. Complete Remote Access Guide: img • The Complete Guide to Remotely Access…

  2. Top 6 upgrades for Synology NAS: img • TOP 6 Updates for Home Users - Synolo…
  3. Complete Synology Photo guide: img • The COMPLETE Synology Photo Guide
  4. Synology Most Commonly Asked Questions: img • Synology Most Commonly Asked Questions
  5. Most Common Mistakes New Users Make: img • Watch before Buying a Synology NAS - …
  6. All Synology Backup Methods explained: img • All Synology Backup Methods Explained…
  7. BTRFS Snapshot guide: img • The COMPLETE BTRFS Snapshot Guide
  8. Synology Drive: img • Create your Own CLOUD with Synology D…

Synology documents

zh-cn 简体中文

en-global 英文

NAS 扫盲

https://www.kancloud.cn/cheng529/nasbase1/235434

https://www.suncan.com.cn/archives/category/description