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Subjunctive mood (subjunktiv / konjunktiv; hypotetiske vilkår) 表假设、愿望、建议、必要性或虚构的情况。

与过去事实相反的假设情况

如果… 就好了

Det hadde vært fint å gjøre / om at …
→ It would have been nice to do sth / that clause…

Hypothetical situation in the past;

  • Det hadde vært fint å reise til Norge.
    → It would have been nice to travel to Norway. 要是能去挪威旅行就好了。

With «om» clause:
must use past tense to indicate that the condition is contrary to fact in the present. 过去式表示与现在事实相反的情况。

  • Det hadde vært fint om han kunne hjelpe.
    → It would have been nice if he could help. 要是他能帮忙就好了。

  • Det hadde vært fint om du kunne komme.
    → It would have been nice if you could come. 要是你能来就好了。

Modal verb + ha + past participle

与过去事实相反

Modal verbs: kunne (could), ville (would), burde (should), måtte (must)

注意此处都是 modal verb 过去式形式

Modal verb + ha + past participle: past hypothetical; past conditional

“Modal verb + have done sth” 表示与过去事实相反的情况;

表示本可以、本会、本应该做某事 (但是没做) 或 一定是… (表推测)。

本可以做某事 (但是没做)

kunne + ha + past participle → could have done sth

Possibility in the past; ability that was there but not utilized;

  • Jeg kunne ha hjulpet deg.
    → I could have helped you. 我本可以帮你 (但是并没有帮)。

  • Jeg kunne (jo) ha tenkt meg det.
    → I could have imagined that. 我本可以想象到 (但是并没有想象到)。

    «å tenke seg» = to imagine; to want / wish for sth

本会做某事 / 本想做某事 (但是没做)

ville + ha + past participle
→ would have done sth

hypothetical action / intention in the past;

  • Hun ville ha kommet tidligere.
    → She would have come earlier. 她本会早点来的 (但是并没有早来)。

  • Jeg ville ha spist ute, men det var stengt.
    → I would have eaten out, but it was closed. 我本想出去吃饭, 但是餐厅关门了。

本应该做某事 (但是没做)

burde + ha + past participle
→ should have done sth

注意 «burde» 是过去式

表示 obligation or regret in the past

  • Vi burde ha gått til legen.
    → We should have gone to the doctor. 我们本应该去看医生 (但是并没有去)。

  • Vi burde ha studert mer.
    → We should have studied more. 我们本应该多学习 (但是并没有学习)。

  • Du burde ha sagt ifra tidligere.
    → You should have informed me earlier. 你本应该早点告诉我 (但是并没有告诉我)。

  • Jeg burde ha kommet tidligere.
    → I should have come earlier. 我本应该早点来 (但是并没有来)。

一定是… (表推测)

måtte + ha + past participle
→ must have done sth

deduction about past events 对过去事件的推断

  • Han måtte ha glemt avtalen.
    → He must have forgotten the appointment. 他一定是忘记了约会。

  • De måtte ha reist tidlig.
    → They must have left early. 他们一定是早早离开的。

  • Han måtte ha jobbet sent i går.
    → He must have worked late yesterday. 他昨天一定是工作到很晚。

  • Han måtte ha sovet dårlig i natt.
    → He must have slept poorly last night. 他昨晚一定是睡得不好。

  • Han måtte ha glemt nøklene sine hjemme.
    → He must have forgotten his keys at home. 他一定是把钥匙忘在家里了。

与现在事实相反

Hvis + past tense, modal verb + infinitive

Hvis + past tense, ville + infinitive → If …, would do …

  • 第一个从句

    The “past tense” in the hvis-clause indicates that the condition is contrary to fact in the present.

    Note that here the modal verb does not have to be in past tense; it can be in its present tense form.

  • 第二个从句

    • “Infinitive” in the second clause here indicates the action that would take place in the present or future if the condition were met. 表示与现在事实相反的假设情况。

    • If you intended to express a hypothetical action that would/could/should have taken place in the past when the condition in the hvis-clause was met, you would use the “modal verb + ha + past participle” construction. 表示与过去事实相反的情况。

  • Hvis jeg hadde tid, ville jeg dra.
    → If I had time, I would go. 如果我有时间，我就会去。

    Alternativt 结果在前，条件在后:

    Jeg ville dra hvis jeg hadde tid.

  • Hvis jeg var rik, ville jeg kjøpe et hus.
    → If I were rich, I would buy a house. (注意：这里用的是 was 而不是 were，因为 norsk 中没有虚拟语气的区别。)

  • Hvis jeg vant en million, ville jeg dra på jordomseiling.
    → If I won a million, I would go on a world cruise.

Hvis + past tense, ville + ha + past participle
→ If …, would have done … 与过去事实相反

  • Hvis du studerte mer, ville du ha bestått eksamen.
    → If you studied more, you would have passed the exam. (如果你之前多学习，你本可以会通过考试。)

  • Hvis jeg vant i lotto, ville jeg ha kjøpt et hus.
    → If I won the lottery, I would have bought a house. (如果我中了彩票，我就可以买一栋房子。)

Hvis + past tense, kunne + infinitive → If …, could …

  • Hvis jeg hadde penger, kunne jeg reise jorden rundt. → If I had money, I could travel around the world.

  • Dersom vi kjøpte hus nå, kunne vi flytte inn før jul.
    → If we bought a house now, we could move in before Christmas.

  • Hvis jeg vant en million, ville jeg dra på jordomseiling.
    → If I won a million, I would go on a world cruise.

Hvis + past tense, bør + infinitive → If …, should …

  • Hvis du ville bli sunnere, bør du trene mer. → If you wanted to be healthier, you should exercise more.

  • Hvis jeg vant en million, skulle jeg dra på jordomseiling.
    → If I won a million, I should go on a world cruise.

Hvis + past tense, må + infinitive → If …, must …

  • Hvis du ville bestå eksamen, må du studere hardere. → If you wanted to pass the exam, you must study harder.

Hypotetiske vilkår

NOT necessarily with modal verbs + have + past participle

There are several ways to say “it can be possible to do sth”

  • Hvis du kommer i morgen, kan vi gå på kino sammen.

  • Hvis du kom i moregen, kunne vi gå på kino sammen.

  • Hvis du ville komme i morgen, kunne vi gå på kino sammen.

  • Hvis du hadde tid i morgen, kunne vi ha gått på kino sammen.

愿望

ønsketenkninger / wishes

Jeg skulle ønske + past tense
→ I wish …

Used for realistic and unrealistic wishes or hopes; possibilities; risks;

  • Jeg skulle ønske jeg var rik.
    → I wish I were rich.

  • Jeg skulle ønske at sommeren varte evig!
    → I wish summer lasted forever!

  • Jeg skulle ønske at du ble voksen snart.
    → I wish you grew up soon.

  • Jeg* skulle ønske* du kom på festen.
    → I wish you came to the party.

  • Jeg skulle ønske det ikke regnet.
    → I wish it didn’t rain.

  • Jeg skulle ønske jeg hadde mer tid.
    → I wish I had more time.